Hollow fiber membranes provide a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique physical characteristics and exceptional efficacy. These tubular structures, composed of ceramic materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient filtration of contami

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR output is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The configuration of the module, including the type of membrane material